Genital dermatology focuses on diagnosing and treating skin conditions that affect the genital and anal areas. While often embarrassing, genital skin issues are quite common. At Cheshire Cosmetic Surgery, our experienced dermatologist, Dr Dalia provides compassionate, confidential care for a range of concerns.
Common Genital Skin Conditions
Here are some of the most common genital skin conditions:
Genital Warts
Causes and Risk Factors
Genital warts are caused by certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is spread through skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, and being sexually active at a young age.
Symptoms
Genital warts appear as small, flesh-coloured or grey bumps in the genital or anal area. They may be flat or raised, smooth or rough, and single or in clusters. Some warts may be too small to see with the naked eye. They can cause itching or discomfort but are often painless.
Diagnosis
Dr Dalia can usually diagnose genital warts by examining the affected area. In some cases, a biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for laboratory testing) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions.
Treatment Options
Treatment for genital warts depends on their size, location, and number. Options include:
- Topical medications: Creams or solutions applied directly to the warts
- Cryotherapy: Freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen
- Electrocautery: Burning the warts with an electrical current
- Laser therapy: Using a laser to destroy the wart tissue
- Surgery: Cutting out the warts
It’s important to note that while treatments can remove visible warts, they don’t eliminate the HPV infection itself. Warts may recur, and the virus can still be transmitted to sexual partners.
Genital Herpes
Causes and Risk Factors
Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), either type 1 or type 2. It’s spread through sexual contact with an infected person, even if they don’t have visible sores. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners and engaging in unprotected sex.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of genital herpes is painful blisters or sores in the genital area. These may be preceded by flu-like symptoms, such as fever, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes. The sores typically heal within a few weeks, but the virus remains in the body and can cause recurrent outbreaks.
Diagnosis
Dr Dalia can often diagnose genital herpes based on the appearance of the sores. She may also take a sample from a sore to test for the presence of HSV.
Treatment Options
There’s no cure for genital herpes, but antiviral medications can help:
- Shorten the duration of outbreaks
- Reduce the severity of symptoms
- Suppress future outbreaks
- Reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to sexual partners
Lichen Sclerosus
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of lichen sclerosus is unknown. It may be related to an overactive immune system, hormonal changes, or genetic factors. Lichen sclerosus is more common in women, particularly after menopause, but can occur in men and children too.
Symptoms
Lichen sclerosus causes patchy, white skin that is thinner than normal. It most commonly affects the vulva, foreskin of the penis, and anal area. Symptoms may include:
- Itching, burning, or pain
- Smooth, white patches on the skin
- Skin that tears or bruises easily
- Discomfort or pain during sex
In severe cases, scarring can lead to narrowing of the vaginal opening or tightening of the foreskin.
Diagnosis
Your dermatologist can often diagnose lichen sclerosus based on the appearance of the skin. They may perform a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Options
While there’s no cure for lichen sclerosus, treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. These include:
- Topical corticosteroid creams to reduce inflammation and itching
- Moisturisers to relieve dryness and discomfort
- Surgery, in severe cases, to correct scarring or adhesions
Regular follow-up with your dermatologist is important to monitor for any changes or complications.
Lichen Planus
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of lichen planus is unknown, but it’s thought to be related to an immune system disorder. It may be triggered by certain medications, infections, or stress. Lichen planus can affect anyone, but it’s more common in middle-aged adults.
Symptoms
Lichen planus can affect the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes, including the genitals. Symptoms may include:
- Shiny, flat-topped, violet-coloured bumps
- Itching or burning sensations
- Lacy white patches in the mouth
- Thinning or loss of scalp hair or body hair
- Nail changes, such as ridges or thinning
In the genital area, lichen planus can cause painful erosions, scarring, and discomfort during sex.
Diagnosis
Dr Dalia can often diagnose lichen planus based on the appearance of the affected areas. She may perform a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Options
Treatment for lichen planus depends on the severity and location of symptoms. Options may include:
- Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and itching
- Oral corticosteroids for more severe cases
- Antihistamines to relieve itching
- Light therapy (phototherapy) for widespread skin involvement
- Retinoids, immunosuppressants, or other medications for persistent cases
Psoriasis
Causes and Risk Factors
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes the skin cells to grow too quickly. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include family history, obesity, smoking, and certain infections.
Symptoms
Psoriasis can cause red, scaly patches on the skin, including the genitals and skin folds. Other symptoms may include:
- Itching, burning, or soreness
- Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
- Thickened, pitted nails
- Swollen and stiff joints (psoriatic arthritis)
In the genital area, psoriasis patches may be less scaly and more smooth, shiny, or red compared to other body areas.
Diagnosis
Dr Dalia can usually diagnose psoriasis based on the appearance of your skin. In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to rule out other conditions.
Treatment Options
While there’s no cure for psoriasis, various treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce flare-ups. These include:
- Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, or retinoids
- Phototherapy (light therapy)
- Oral or injectable medications that suppress the immune system
- Biologic drugs that target specific parts of the immune system
Dr Dalia will work with you to develop a personalised treatment plan based on the severity and location of your psoriasis.
Yeast Infections
Causes and Risk Factors
Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus that normally lives on the skin and in the body. Factors that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast include:
- Antibiotics
- Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstrual cycle, contraceptives)
- Diabetes
- Weakened immune system
- Tight or synthetic clothing that traps moisture
Symptoms
Yeast infections can cause various symptoms in the genital area, including:
- Redness and swelling
- Itching or burning sensations
- Pain during urination or sex
- Cottage cheese-like discharge (in women)
- Rash or patches on the penis (in men)
Diagnosis
Dr Dalia can often diagnose a yeast infection based on your symptoms and the appearance of the affected area. She may take a sample of the discharge or skin cells to confirm the presence of yeast.
Treatment Options
Treatment for yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications, which can be in the form of: topical creams, ointments, or suppositories or oral pills (for severe or recurrent infections).
It’s important to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve earlier, to prevent the infection from recurring. Dr Dalia may also recommend lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose, breathable clothing and avoiding scented hygiene products, to prevent future infections.
Less Common Genital Skin Conditions
Here are some less common genital skin conditions:
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes painful, deep-seated lumps in areas where skin rubs together, such as the groin, buttocks, and armpits. The exact cause is unknown, but factors like genetics, obesity, and smoking may play a role. Treatment options include antibiotics, corticosteroids, hormonal therapies, and surgical procedures, depending on the severity of the condition.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes small, firm, raised bumps, sometimes in the genital area. It spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated objects. While the bumps usually clear up on their own within 6-12 months, treatment options like topical creams, cryotherapy, or laser therapy can help prevent the spread of the virus.
Scabies
Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin, causing intense itching and a pimple-like rash. It spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with infested items. Treatment involves topical or oral medications to eliminate the mites and relieve symptoms, as well as washing bedding and clothing to prevent re-infestation.
Balanitis
Balanitis is inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis, causing redness, swelling, and discomfort. It can be caused by poor hygiene, irritants, infections, or skin conditions like psoriasis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include gentle cleaning, topical creams, oral antibiotics, or circumcision in severe cases.
Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is chronic pain or discomfort around the opening of the vagina, often without a clear identifiable cause. Factors like nerve damage, hormonal changes, or muscle spasms may contribute. Treatment is individualized and may involve topical medications, oral pain modulators, pelvic floor therapy, biofeedback, and counseling to address both physical and emotional aspects of the condition.
Bartholin’s Cyst
Bartholin’s cysts develop when the small glands near the vaginal opening become blocked, causing fluid build-up. They can be caused by infections, trauma, or thick gland secretions. While small cysts may not cause symptoms, larger ones can lead to pain, discomfort, and abscesses. Treatment options include warm soaks, surgical drainage, antibiotics, or marsupialization, depending on the cyst’s size and severity.
Pearly Penile Papules (PPP)
Pearly penile papules are small, skin-colored bumps that form around the head of the penis. They are a normal anatomical variation and are not caused by any specific factors. PPP are usually asymptomatic but may cause cosmetic concerns for some men. Treatment is not necessary, but options like cryotherapy, laser therapy, or surgical excision are available for those who desire removal.
Ingrown Hairs
Ingrown hairs occur when hair grows back into the skin instead of rising to the surface, causing red, itchy bumps or pus-filled sores. This is common after hair removal, especially in the pubic area. Most ingrown hairs resolve on their own, but warm compresses, gentle exfoliation, and topical treatments can help. Preventing ingrown hairs involves proper hair removal techniques and skin care.
FAQs about Genital Dermatology
Can sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause genital skin conditions?
Yes, some STIs like herpes, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause various skin symptoms in the genital area, such as blisters, sores, or warts. Practicing safe sex and getting regular STI screenings can help prevent and detect these conditions.
Are genital skin conditions contagious?
Some genital skin conditions, such as molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and certain STIs, are contagious and can spread through direct skin-to-skin contact or sharing contaminated items. However, other conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa, vulvodynia, and pearly penile papules are not contagious.
When should I see a dermatologist for a genital skin condition?
If you experience persistent, painful, or worrisome symptoms in your genital area, it’s best to consult your dermatologist. Signs to watch for include severe itching, burning, blisters, sores, unusual discharge, or lumps that change in size or appearance. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Can poor hygiene cause genital skin problems?
While poor hygiene alone doesn’t cause most genital skin conditions, it can contribute to some issues like balanitis or folliculitis. Gently cleaning the genital area daily with mild soap and warm water, wearing breathable underwear, and avoiding harsh products can help maintain healthy skin.
Are there any home remedies for relieving symptoms of genital skin conditions?
Some home remedies that may provide temporary relief include applying cool compresses, soaking in warm baths, wearing loose-fitting clothing, and using over-the-counter creams or ointments as directed. However, it’s important to consult with your dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan, as some conditions may require prescription medications or medical procedures.
Further Reading about Dermatology Procedures with Dr Dalia
- Read more about Medical Dermatology
- Read more about Lesional Dermatology
- Read more about Hair Loss Treatments
- Read more about Pigmentary Disorders
- Read more about Eczema and Psoriasis
Medical References for Genital Dermatology
- Genital dermatology: an all-you-need-to-know guide
- Cutaneous Lesions of the External Genitalia
- Skin conditions of the male genitalia
- 13 Genital skin disorders – Oxford Academic
- Clinical and Demographic Patterns of Vulval Dermatoses and Their Impact on Quality of Life
Dr Dalia obtained her medical degree from Queen Mary University – Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, graduating with a distinction and being awarded University of London Gold Medal in Medicine (Proxime Accessit) and the Glanfield Harris Best of Gold Medalists 2012-2013 award.
